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The Battery Management System (BMS) is responsible for managing batteries, typically including functions such as measuring battery voltage and preventing or avoiding abnormal conditions like overdischarge, overcharge, and over-temperature. With technological advancements, BMS functionality has expanded to include voltage measurement, communication, State of Charge (SoC) estimation, State of Health (SoH) estimation, fault warnings, fault protection, balancing (passive or active), other control circuits (e.g., battery loop relay control), temperature measurement, current measurement, and diagnostics.